This statement was made by Ms. Ikhlass Ahmed, Coordinator and Founder of Darfur Advocacy Group, at the United Nations Security Council Open Debate on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence on 19 August.
President, Excellencies,
Thank you for the opportunity to address you today. My name is Ikhlass Ahmed, and I am the coordinator and founder of Darfur Advocacy Group, an organization that advocates for civilian protection, documents human rights violations and provides direct support to victims, including to survivors of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), in Sudan.
More than two years into the conflict in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), civilians are under siege[1] — we are facing unfolding genocide,[2] famine,[3] and the world’s largest humanitarian[4] and displacement[5] crises. For the hundreds of thousands still trapped in El Fasher, where just last week at least 57 civilians were killed in an attack by the RSF,[6] people are facing an impossible decision: risk their lives by attempting to flee, or stay and starve.
CRSV, including rape, sexual slavery, kidnapping, and enforced disappearance of women, has become a hallmark of the war. These crimes have spared no one: from children as young as one[7] to women as old as 75.[8] More than 12 million people, primarily women and girls, are at risk of gender-based violence in Sudan.[9] Between 2023 and 2024 alone there was a 288% increase in survivors seeking support.[10] CRSV is taking place across the country, including in Khartoum,[11] across Darfur,[12] in IDP camps,[13] and as women flee.[14] And it is being committed by all parties to the conflict — the RSF, the SAF and their respective allies.
These facts and figures do not begin to capture the horror of what is taking place in Sudan today, especially Darfur, where many women who were subjected to rape during the Darfur genocide are again experiencing the same violence at the hands of the same militias.[15] Native African tribes, particularly the Zaghawa, Massalite, Tunjur, Fur, and Burti, have been targeted on the basis of their ethnicity,[16] indicating that sexual violence is being used as an act of ethnic cleansing and potentially genocide. One survivor from Zalingei told us “they treated me as if I were not even human.”[17] Another survivor told us that when she and four other girls were raped in Zamzam Camp by more than 12 RSF members, their attackers called them “women of ‘Falangaya,’” a slang term in Darfuri Arabic for “Black African slaves.”[18] In one particularly shocking example, the RSF kept close to 100 women in sexual slavery in Khartoum, only 54 of whom were found after the SAF took control of the area.[19] Those who survive such crimes have recounted their nightmare experience in captivity. Many survivors have died due to severe pain or injuries. Others have taken their own lives.
Hardly a day goes by without a new report of rape of a woman or girl. As I address this Council, more than 30 women and girls are still being detained by the RSF inside a former medical supply building east of El Fasher, some for more than seven months.[20] We have no knowledge of their fate. These stories and these numbers are just the tip of the iceberg, as survivors often remain silent due to stigma and fear of retaliation.
The RSF are committing these violations in an organized, widespread and systematic manner,[21] as part of a strategy aimed at humiliating communities, displacing them, grabbing their property, and breaking their will through the bodies of women and girls.[22] Though the RSF are responsible for most of the cases we have documented, all armed groups are committing CRSV in Sudan. Impunity has emboldened the SAF to commit sexual violence,[23] including in Omdurman.[24] We have also documented cases of women being raped by members of the SAF-allied Sudan Shield Forces and Darfur Joint Forces[25] in Al Gezira and North Kordofan, and by the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-North) Al Hilu, an ally of RSF in South Kordofan.[26]
Support for victims of CRSV in Sudan is nowhere close to meeting the overwhelming needs. Emergency contraception, prophylaxis,[27] and safe and timely abortion services[28] are nonexistent for most survivors. Women and girls are forced to give birth in dangerous conditions.[29] Survivors need comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services, legal aid, access to justice, and mental health services. And they need to be able to access support safely, without facing additional harm.
Women-led groups, emergency response rooms (ERRs), and local volunteers, who are so critical given the urgent needs of survivors, are also being targeted. Since the start of the war, there have been at least 174 separate attacks on health providers and facilities,[30] including clinics providing reproductive health care and emergency response to survivors.[31] Warring parties have also deliberately obstructed humanitarian access, including by looting supplies and restricting freedom of movement.[32] Community-led mutual aid groups are also at risk: in April, the RSF burned down a women-led community kitchen in Zamzam Camp, deliberately killing volunteers Hasanat Musa, who was pregnant, and Nana Bahar Idris.[33]
Excellencies, I want to make an important point. Right now, without the UN, without any mechanism for civilian protection, we — frontline workers and local volunteers — are the only actors on the ground. This makes what we do essential for saving lives. We can get food, medicine and supplies to those who need it quickly and through trusted channels. We can connect survivors of CRSV to the support they most need.
But we are at a breaking point. We are working under extremely dangerous conditions, without any resources. We desperately need funding to continue the work that is keeping our communities alive. Without your support, we will fail. We cannot afford to fail.
Excellencies,
The people of Darfur have been without any form of protection since 2020, when this Council made the premature decision to withdraw the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).[34] Today, international law is being violated by all parties, an almost unimpeded supply of weapons is flowing into the country[35], there is no sustained humanitarian access, no systematic monitoring of violations[36] — and no protection for civilians.
Camps for displaced people, like Zamzam,[37] Abu Shouk,[38] and those in El Geneina,[39] which should be protected, have instead become targets of the RSF. Without urgent intervention, more than 70 sites across Darfur risk the same fate — leaving millions of displaced people trapped, starving, and vulnerable.
Excellencies,
Impunity allows the cycle of violence in Sudan to continue. Only one individual has been brought to trial[40] since the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants 16 years ago against former president Omar al-Bashir[41] and his accomplices.[42] This sends a dangerous message: that perpetrators of sexual violence can walk free.
We need this Council to send a different message: that all eyes are on Sudan, and that you will not allow another genocide to take place under your watch.
I therefore call on the Security Council to do the following:
- Prevent genocide in Darfur. Demand that all parties fully comply with Resolution 2736 (2024),[43] including by seeking an immediate cessation of hostilities. The RSF must stop its siege of El Fasher and cease hostilities in South Kordofan and Darfur.
- In the absence of an immediate ceasefire, civilians must be protected. Urgently consider all options to do so, including by deploying a peacekeeping mission in Darfur.
- Ensure unhindered humanitarian access.
- Demand a stop to all external interference in the conflict, including by supplying weapons, in line with the arms embargo in Darfur.
- Demand an immediate end to CRSV by all parties, and hold all perpetrators accountable.
- Condemn all targeting of women human rights defenders and frontline workers and provide them with your full political and financial support.
Excellencies,
No just and lasting solution to this conflict can be achieved without the full, equal, meaningful and safe participation of women in Sudan. We are indispensable to achieving peace and ensuring justice for all survivors of CRSV, and must be included in any discussions to find a way out of the current conflict.
Unfortunately, the crisis for women’s rights in Sudan is not the only one that demands urgent international action. My sisters in Palestine,[44] Afghanistan,[45] the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[46] Haiti,[47] Myanmar,[48] South Sudan,[49] Yemen[50] and too many others face tragically similar situations — perpetrators violate women’s rights because they think they can get away with it. At an alarming moment for women in conflict zones around the globe, against rising militarization and a backlash against our rights, we need you to stand with us. End wars. And give peace a chance.
Thank you.
__________
Photo: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
[1] OHCHR, “Under siege: The situation of human rights in El Fasher, North Darfur since May 2024,” 20 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/sudan/ohchr-sudan-country-office-fasher-north-darfur-siege-may-1-en.pdf.
[2] See Statement by Under-Secretary-General – Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide ad interim Ms. Virginia Gamba, p. 3, 23 June 2025, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/hrc_remarks_sapg_june_2025_final.pdf; Statement by Ms. Alice Wairimu Nderitu, UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, on the situation in Sudan, 6 June 2024, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/SAPG_Statement_Sudan_6_June_2024.pdf [also citing previous statements on risk of genocide and other atrocity crimes in Sudan].
[3] IPC, “Sudan: Significant deterioration expected as Famine-affected areas face the lean season,” 11 July 2025, https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipcinfo-website/alerts-archive/issue-132/en/.
[4] Approximately 30 million people in Sudan are in need of humanitarian aid. See Statement by Tom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 12 June 2025, https://www.unocha.org/news/un-relief-chief-issues-call-action-protection-and-accountability-people-sudan.
[5] 12 million people have been forcibly displaced in Sudan since the conflict began in April 2023, including 7.7 million new IDPs. UNHCR, “Sudan Situation Map Weekly Regional Update – 28 Jul 2025,” 29 July 2025, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/117796; IOM, “Two Years of Conflict in Sudan: Visualizing the World’s Largest Displacement Crisis,” 15 April 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/reports/two-years-conflict-sudan-visualizing-worlds-largest-displacement-crisis.
[6] OHCHR, “Sudan: Turk outraged after RSF kills at least 57 civilians in El Fasher and Abu Shouk IDP camp,” 13 August 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/08/sudan-turk-outraged-after-rsf-kills-least-57-civilians-el-fasher-and-abu.
[7] UNICEF, “Sudan: A Crisis of Sexual Violence Against Children,” p. 2, 2 March 2025, https://www.unicef.org/mena/ar/media/27491/file/A%20crisis%20of%20sexual%20violence%20against%20children.pdf.
[8] UN Women, “Gender Alert: No Excuse: Calling for an end to gender-based violence in Sudan,” December 2024, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/12/gender-alert-no-excuse-calling-for-an-end-to-gender-based-violence-in-sudan; Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶171, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf.
[9] UNFPA, “Sudan Situation Report #21 – June 2025,” July 2025, https://www.unfpa.org/resources/sudan-situation-report-21-june-2025.
[10] UN Women, “Gender Alert: No Excuse: Calling for an end to gender-based violence in Sudan,” December 2024, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/12/gender-alert-no-excuse-calling-for-an-end-to-gender-based-violence-in-sudan.
[11] See Amnesty International, “‘They Raped All of Us”: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Sudan,” pp. 14-17, 10 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/9201/2025/en/; Human Rights Watch, “‘Khartoum is Not Safe for Women’: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Sudan’s Capital,” 28 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/28/khartoum-not-safe-women/sexual-violence-against-women-and-girls-sudans-capital.
[12] See MSF, “Voices from South Darfur,” 4 June 2025, https://www.msf.org/msf-report-reveals-stark-lack-protection-and-assistance-south-darfur.
[13] UNICEF, “Sudan: A Crisis of Sexual Violence Against Children,” p. 8, 2 March 2025, https://www.unicef.org/mena/ar/media/27491/file/A%20crisis%20of%20sexual%20violence%20against%20children.pdf; UN Women, “Gender Alert: No Excuse: Calling for an end to gender-based violence in Sudan,” p. 2, 4, December 2024, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/12/gender-alert-no-excuse-calling-for-an-end-to-gender-based-violence-in-sudan.
[14] UNFPA, “GBV Gap Analysis for Tawila, North Darfur June 2025,” 19 June 2025, https://sudan.unfpa.org/en/publications/gbv-gap-analysis-tawila-north-darfur-june-2025; GBV AoR, “No Safe Haven: Escalating GBV Amid Mass Displacement in Tawila,” May 2025, https://sudan.unfpa.org/en/publications/no-safe-haven-escalating-gbv-amid-mass-displacement-tawila; Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶189-190, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf.
[15] Human Rights Watch, “‘The Massalit Will Not Come Home’: Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity in El Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan,” pp. 5-6, 18-19, May 2024, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2024/05/sudan0524web_0.pdf [stating that the RSF evolved from the janjaweed militias which attacked civilians in Darfur during the conflict in the 2000s]; Harriet Barber, “‘Men with no mercy’: The vicious history of Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces,” The Telegraph, 25 April 2023, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sudan-unrest-militia-rapid-support-forces-janjaweed/.
[16] Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶159, 182, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “‘The Massalit Will Not Come Home’: Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity in El Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan,” pp. 113-114, May 2024, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2024/05/sudan0524web_0.pdf; Statement by Ms. Niemat Ahmadi at the UN Security Council Open Debate on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, 23 April 2024, https://www.womenpeacesecurity.org/resource/statement-unsc-crsv-open-debate-ahmadi/, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, “Prevention of Racial Discrimination, Including Early Warning and Urgent Action Procedure – Decision 1 (2024),” 12 April 2024, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCERD%2FEWU%2FSDN%2F9982&Lang=en; Final report of the Panel of Experts on Sudan, S/2024/65, ¶66, 85, 15 January 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/S/2024/65; Darfur Advocacy Group, “They Treated Me as If I were Not Even Human: CRSV in Al Fasher and Zalingei,” p. 6-7, January 2024, https://darfuradvocacy.org/publications/they-treated-me-as-if-i-were-not-even-human-crsv-in-al-fasher-and-zalingei.
[17] Darfur Advocacy Group, “They Treated Me as If I were Not Even Human: CRSV in Al Fasher and Zalingei,” p. 7, January 2024, https://darfuradvocacy.org/publications/they-treated-me-as-if-i-were-not-even-human-crsv-in-al-fasher-and-zalingei.
[18] Documentation by SIHA Network.
[19] Documentation by SIHA Network.
[20] North Darfur Observatory for Human Rights on X (formerly Twitter), 2 August 2025, https://x.com/NorthDarfu24/status/1951695391721738317.
[21] Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/23, ¶93-95, 7 November 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/57/23; Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶292-294, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf.
[22] Men and boys have also been affected, but women and girls account for the vast majority of victims of CRSV. For example, between January 2024 and March 2025, 94% of the 659 sexual violence survivors treated by MSF in South Darfur were women and girls. MSF, “Sexual violence in Sudan: ‘They beat and raped us right there on the road’,” 28 May 2025, https://www.msf.org/sexual-violence-sudan-%E2%80%9Cthey-beat-us-and-they-raped-us-right-there-road-public%E2%80%9D.
[23] Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/23 ¶63, 7 November 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/57/23; Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶168, 170, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “‘Khartoum is Not Safe for Women’: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Sudan’s Capital,” pp. 36, 38, 28 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/28/khartoum-not-safe-women/sexual-violence-against-women-and-girls-sudans-capital.
[24] The Guardian, “Women in war-torn Sudanese city forced to have sex in exchange for food,” 22 July 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/22/women-forced-to-have-sex-with-soldiers-for-food-in-sudanese-city.
[25] Also known as the Darfur Joint Protection Force.
[26] Documentation by SIHA Network.
[27] OHCHR, “Under siege: the situation of human rights in El Fasher, North Darfur since May 2024,” ¶43, 53, 20 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/sudan/ohchr-sudan-country-office-fasher-north-darfur-siege-may-1-en.pdf; Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶211-213, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “‘Khartoum is Not Safe for Women’: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Sudan’s Capital,” pp. 59-62, 28 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/28/khartoum-not-safe-women/sexual-violence-against-women-and-girls-sudans-capital.
[28] Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/57/CRP.6, ¶206-207, 23 October 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-CRP-6-en.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “‘Khartoum is Not Safe for Women’: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Sudan’s Capital,” pp. 68-71, 28 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/28/khartoum-not-safe-women/sexual-violence-against-women-and-girls-sudans-capital.
[29] UNFPA, “Sudan Situation Report #21 – June 2025,” July 2025, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/UNFPA%20Sudan%20Emergency%20Situation%20Report%20%2321.pdf; See UNFPA, “Women deliver babies on the road and under fire as catastrophe grips Sudan’s Aj Jazirah State,” 12 December 2024, https://www.unfpa.org/news/women-deliver-babies-road-and-under-fire-catastrophe-grips-sudan%E2%80%99s-aj-jazirah-state; MSF, “Pregnant women and children dying in shocking numbers in Sudan,” 25 September 2024, https://www.msf.org/sudan-pregnant-women-and-children-dying-shocking-numbers-south-darfur.
[30] World Health Organization, “Surveillance System for Attacks on Healthcare,” accessed 22 July 2025, https://extranet.who.int/ssa/Index.aspx.
[31] OHCHR, “Under siege: the situation of human rights in El Fasher, North Darfur since May 2024,” ¶23, 20 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/sudan/ohchr-sudan-country-office-fasher-north-darfur-siege-may-1-en.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “‘Khartoum is Not Safe for Women’: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Sudan’s Capital,” pp. 64-66, 28 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/28/khartoum-not-safe-women/sexual-violence-against-women-and-girls-sudans-capital; IPPF, “Another of our clinics in Sudan has been attacked, one less safe place for women and girls to get sexual and reproductive healthcare,” 2 July 2024, https://www.ippf.org/media-center/another-our-clinics-sudan-has-been-attacked-one-less-safe-place-women-and-girls-get.
[32] OCHA, “Sudan: Humanitarian Access Snapshot (June 2025), 6 July 2025, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-access-snapshot-june-2025; OCHA, “Sudan: Humanitarian Access Snapshot (May 2025), 6 June 2025, https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-access-snapshot-may-2025; OCHA, “Sudan: Humanitarian Access Snapshot (April 2025), 11 May 2025, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-access-snapshot-april-2025; Final report of the Panel of Experts on Sudan, S/2025/339, ¶56-57, 17 April 2025, https://docs.un.org/en/S/2025/239.
[33] SIHA Network, “Press Statement – Darfur Genocide Continues: RSF Slaughters Civilians, Women Volunteers, and Children in Zamzam Camp,” 12 April 2025, https://sihanet.org/press-statement-darfur-genocide-continues-rsf-slaughters-civilians-women-volunteers-and-children-in-zamzam-camp/
[34] Security Council Resolution 2559 (2020), http://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2559(2020). See also UN Security Council Briefing on Women, Peace and Security by Kholood Khair, 7 August 2024, https://www.womenpeacesecurity.org/resource/un-security-council-briefing-wps-transitions-khair.
[35] Amnesty International, “Sudan: Advanced Chinese weaponry provided by UAE in breach of arms embargo – new investigation,” 8 May 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/05/sudan-advanced-chinese-weaponry-provided-by-uae-identified-in-breach-of-arms-embargo-new-investigation/; Amnesty International, “New weapons fuelling the Sudan conflict,” 25 July 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2024/07/new-weapons-fuelling-the-sudan-conflict/; Final report of the Panel of Experts on Sudan, S/2024/65, ¶35-52, 15 January 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/S/2024/65.
[36] Monitoring of violations ended with the departure of UNITAMS, as mandated by Security Council Resolution 2715 (2023), https://docs.un.org/S/RES/2715(2023).
[37] Yale Humanitarian Research Lab, “Protected Civilian Infrastructure in El Fasher Shelled as Zamzam Burns,” 15 May 2025, https://files-profile.medicine.yale.edu/documents/4fa07824-72f2-4c33-8d78-90f5b1eec46b.
[38] Vibhu Mishra, “Sudan war: ‘Darkest chapters’ ahead as Darfur massacre claims over 100 lives,” UN News, 14 April 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1162211.
[39] Human Rights Watch, “‘The Massalit Will Not Come Home’: Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity in El Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan,” pp. 48-59, May 2024, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2024/05/sudan0524web_0.pdf.
[40] International Criminal Court, “Abd-Al-Rahman Case,” accessed 6 August 2025, https://www.icc-cpi.int/darfur/abd-al-rahman.
[41] International Criminal Court, “Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir,” 4 March 2009, https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-02/05-01/09-1.
[42] International Criminal Court, “Situation in Darfur, Sudan,” accessed 6 August 2025, https://www.icc-cpi.int/darfur.
[43] Security Council Resolution 2736 (2024), http://undocs.org/s/res/2736(2024).
[44] Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, ¶36-37, S/2025/389; “‘More than a human can bear’: Israel’s systematic use of sexual, reproductive and other forms of gender-based violence since 7 October 2023,” Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/HRC/58/CRP.6, 13 March 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session58/a-hrc-58-crp-6.pdf.
[45] Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, ¶19-22, S/2025/389.
[46] Ibid, ¶30-34.
[47] Ibid, ¶79-82.
[48] Ibid, ¶45-50.
[49] Ibid, ¶54-57.
[50] Ibid, ¶70-71.