This statement was made by Ms. Celia Umenza Velasco, Indigenous leader, Legal Coordinator for the Indigenous Reservation of Tacueyó and member of ACIN (Association of Indigenous Councils of the North of Cauca), and on behalf of the NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security at the United Nations Security Council Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security.
Madam President, Excellencies, civil society colleagues,
I am Celia Umenza Velasco, member of Cxhab Wala Kiwe, which means “Great People’s Territory” in the Nasa Yuwe language, also known as ACIN—Association of Indigenous Councils of the North of Cauca—in Colombia. I am an Indigenous activist dedicated to my people, our territory, the environment and the cause of peace. I bring you greetings from the spirits of the natural world.
I am honored to address you today on behalf of the NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security, as well as Indigenous women and women in all their diversity—campesinas, Afro-descendant women, LGBTQI+ persons, refugee and migrant women, women with disabilities and women from countries around the world who suffer from war, poverty and discrimination. On this note, I want to express my solidarity with the women and LGBTQI+ people of Afghanistan who continue to risk their lives fighting for their rights and equal place in Afghan society. We stand with you.
Madam President,
Colombia remains one of the world’s most dangerous countries for defenders of human rights and of land and territorial rights.[1] Attacks on human rights defenders, especially women, LGBTQI+, campesino, Afro-descendant and Indigenous leaders have continued, including in response to the recent protests in Colombia against extreme inequality, violence and scant implementation of the Peace Accord.[2] On average, at least one Indigenous defender is killed every week.[3] In my territory of Cauca, three Indigenous women leaders whom I worked with were killed in 2020.[4] Their brutal murders illustrate how women often pay a terrible price for their leadership.[5]
Madam President, for an Indigenous person, land means everything to us. We are nourished by it, and it is a part of our identity and our history. Indigenous communities oppose logging, mining, agribusiness and other large-scale extractive and infrastructure projects—many of which are actively supported by the Government of Colombia—because they threaten the environment and deplete our natural resources.[6] Indigenous defenders in Colombia are viewed as a threat because we challenge powerful economic interests.[7] My people are killed for protecting our waterways and forests, our flowers and fauna, when their courage and dedication should be held up as a model in the non-violent struggle for territorial rights.
Violence against our communities also demonstrates the devastating impact of militarized responses to social crises. Indigenous communities in Colombia have been calling for demilitarization for decades.[8] Much of the war was waged on our land, and much of the violence continues in our territories today.[9]Although we have peace in name, lack of implementation of the Peace Accord has refueled conflict. At one point in the war, an Indigenous person was killed every 72 hours, most often caught in the crossfire between armed actors.[10] Today the state continues to use militarized force through its security apparatus, particularly in rural areas.[11] The only state presence we see in our territories is the military and the police, who often appear to protect the economic interests of powerful sectors, rather than the rights of local populations.[12] This represents a failure to comply with the provisions of the Peace Accord. Furthermore, during the recent national protests, police used excessive force against peaceful demonstrators across the country, particularly in Cali where a greater percentage of the population is Afro-descendant and where our Indigenous guard was attacked.[13] State forces have committed sexual and gender-based violence.[14] Peaceful protestors have been subject to torture, illegal detention, disappearances and killings, echoing the violence that has marked over five decades of war.[15] The gravity of this situation led the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to call for the overall demilitarization of the police in Colombia.[16]
The Peace Accord, with 130 provisions on gender equality and women’s rights, was achieved due to the determined struggle of Colombian feminist movements.[17] On paper, the Peace Accord provides the foundation for a democratic country. However, five years since its adoption, implementation is at a standstill, especially of its gender provisions and the Ethnic Chapter.[18] The Special Forum of Women and the High Level Forum for Ethnic Peoples are both underfunded and lack political support, and members of the Special Forum of Women have been threatened and attacked.
Implementation is most delayed in provisions for Comprehensive Rural Reform, which would give women access to land and enable them to chart a path to inclusive and holistic development for their communities.[19] This has allowed the expansion of extractive activities that exploit natural resources, violate territorial rights, exacerbate conflict and increase violence against human rights defenders, especially those who defend their land.[20]
Colombia’s Peace Accord may be unprecedented in its incorporation of international standards of gender equality—but what good are agreements and promises if they are not kept?[21]
Madam President,
Threats faced by women peacebuilders and human rights defenders in one community are a threat to women everywhere. Despite ten resolutions and repeated affirmations of the value of civil society, the issue of women human rights defenders remains a critical gap in the Security Council’s implementation of the women, peace and security agenda.[22] Colombia is no different—although Security Council members have regularly condemned the targeting of human rights defenders and social leaders, they have not done enough to turn words into action.[23] Ending attacks against women human rights defenders, not only in Colombia, but in all conflicts on its agenda, and ensuring the full, equal and meaningful participation and leadership of women in all their diversity, is essential for sustainable peace.
I therefore urge the Security Council to call on the Colombian Government to:
- Fully implement and resource the Peace Accord, in particular the Ethnic Chapter and gender provisions. This includes ensuring regular consultations with, as well as resources and technical assistance for, the High-Level Forum for Ethnic Peoples and the Special Forum of Women, as well as for campesino, Afro-descendant, Indigenous and women’s organizations to monitor the Peace Accord’s implementation.
- Adhere to free, prior and informed consent processes with campesino, Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities, including regularly consulting with their authorities and community organizations, with regards to economic development in their territories, and ensure that development processes comply with international human rights principles and law, and with the Peace Accord.[24]
- Address the crisis of violence against human rights defenders, including by ensuring: accountability of perpetrators when such attacks occur, and full resourcing for the development of collective and territorial self-protection measures for Indigenous, campesino and Afro-descendant communities, as well as support for their permanent presence in fora where protection policies are discussed, especially the National Commission for Security Guarantees and the Intersectoral Commission for Guarantees for Women Leaders and Human Rights Defenders.[25]
- Immediately demilitarize the police force by moving the National Police out of the Ministry of Defense, dismantle the Mobile Antiriot Squad of the National Police (ESMAD) and redirect funding to support social investment.[26]
- Ensure the full, equal and meaningful participation of women leaders in the implementation of the Peace Accord and in negotiations with other armed actors in Colombia.
Madam President,
Peace is more than the absence of war. To Indigenous women, it means an end to discrimination, respect for human rights, justice, economic equality and transformative change with human life at its center. As the primary international body responsible for peace and security, I urge you not to allow this open debate to be yet another occasion where you listen to women civil society, but fail to act on our concerns. The plight of Afghan women illustrates all too clearly the cost of doing so. Women around the world show you daily that they have courage and the conviction to fight for peace. Today, we call on you to fight for us all.
Pai wehsxe wexecwe * Thank you for your attention.
[1] Global Witness, Last line of defence, 13 September 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/last-line-defence/.
Front Line Defenders, Global Analysis 2020, 2020, https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/sites/default/files/fld_global_analysis_2020.pdf
Global Witness, Global Witness reports 227 land and environmental activists murdered in a single year, the worst figure on record, 13 September 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/global-witness-reports-227-land-and-environmental-activists-murdered-single-year-worst-figure-record/.
[2] M. Bocanumenth, LGBT+ Rights and Peace in Colombia: The Paradox Between Law and Practice, Commentary, Washington Office on Latin America, 3 July 2020, https://www.wola.org/analysis/lgbt-rights-and-peace-in-colombia-the-paradox-between-law-and-practice/
Human Rights Watch, Colombia: Egregious Police Abuses Against Protesters, 9 June 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/09/colombia-egregious-police-abuses-against-protesters
[3] L.G. Perafán, Líderes indígenas asesinados, Institute for Development and Peace Studies,June 2020, http://www.indepaz.org.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/L%C3%ADderes-ind%C3%ADgenas-asesinados.pdf
[4] Defensoría del Pueblo Colombia, Defensoría pide frenar ola de violencia contra lideresas indígenas en el Cauca, 9 June 2021, https://www.defensoria.gov.co/es/nube/comunicados/10174/Defensor%C3%ADa-pide-frenar-ola-de-violencia-contra-lideresas-ind%C3%ADgenas-en-el-Cauca-lideresas-ind%C3%ADgenas-Cauca.htm
[5] Human Rights Council, Situation of human rights in Colombia – Report of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights, A/HRC/43/3/Add.3, 8 May 2020, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/43/3/Add.3
[6] D.C. Arbeláez-Ruiz, Indigenous resistance to mining in post-conflict Colombia, The Extractive Industries and Society, 100953, 2021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X21001155
King and S. Wherry, Colombia’s Environmental Crisis Accelerates Under Duque, 20 April 2020, https://nacla.org/news/2020/04/20/colombia-environmental-crisis-duque
Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Pacto por los recursos mineroenergéticos para el crecimiento sostenible y la expansión de oportunidades en los territorios, 2018, https://www.dnp.gov.co/DNPN/Plan-Nacional-de-Desarrollo/Paginas/Pactos-Transversales/Pacto-por-los-recursos-minero-energeticos/recursos-mineroenergeticos-para-el-crecimiento-sostenible.aspx
Collins, Facing an Economic Crisis, Colombia Turns to Fracking – Activists say it’s a shortsighted plan that threatens biodiversity, 17 December 2020, https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/facing-economic-crisis-colombia-turns-fracking
M.S. Betancur Betancur, Mining Production, Territory and Conflict in Columbia – Global and Local Challenges for the Protection of Human Rights, February 2020, IPC, Germanwatch and Broederlijk Delen, https://co.boell.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Mining%20Production%2C%20Territory%20and%20Conflict%20in%20Colombia_digital.pdf
[7] El Espectador, En Colombia los líderes ambientales son asesinados. ¿Por qué?, 12 October 2021, https://www.elespectador.com/ambiente/en-colombia-los-lideres-ambientales-son-asesinados-por-que/
[8] FOR Columbia, Open Letter to the Armed Groups Operating in Cauca, 29 March 2012, https://peacepresence.org/2012/03/29/open-letter-to-the-armed-groups-operating-in-cauca/
B. Weinberg, Colombia: Peace Initiatives Under Attack, 10 June 2005, https://www.prensarural.org/bill20050610.htm
W.L. George, Indigenous in Colombia call for demilitarization, The Christian Science Monitor, 2 August 2011, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2011/0802/Indigenous-in-Colombia-call-for-demilitarization
[9] Human Rights Council, Report of the independent expert on minority issues, GayMcDougall, A/HRC/16/45/Add.1, 25 January 2011, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/16/45/Add.1
Televisión del Sur, Indigenous Organization Denounces Another Massacre in Colombia, 4 June 2021, https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Indigenous-Organization-Denounces-Another-Massacre-in-Colombia-20210604-0028.html
C.Y. Popayán, Cauca se agitó por asesinatos de comuneros y masacre en un solo día, 7 December 2020, https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/masacre-en-cauca-cauca-se-agito-por-asesinatos-de-comuneros-y-masacre-en-un-solo-dia-553250
[10] Minority Rights Group International, One indigenous person murdered every 72 hours in Colombia, 18 June 2009, https://minorityrights.org/2009/06/18/one-indigenous-person-murdered-every-72-hours-in-colombia/
Murillo, Indigenous Communities Caught in the Crossfire, North American Congress on Latin America, 25 September 2007, https://nacla.org/article/indigenous-communities-caught-crossfire
[11] LIMPAL Columbia, Desarmando La Vida -Reflexiones sobre la Resolución 1325,el desarme y las mujeres en Colombia, June 2016, https://www.limpalcolombia.org/images/documentos/Desarmando_la_vida.pdf
OHCHR, Bachelet urges Colombia to improve protection amid heightened violence in remote areas, 15 December 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26608&LangID=E
[12] Resumen Latinoamericano, Colombia. «Zonas Futuro»: intervención integral para militarizar los territorios, 27 October 2020, https://www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2020/10/27/colombia-zonas-futuro-intervencion-integral-para-militarizar-los-territorios/
[13] UN News, ONU Derechos Humanos llama a la calma en Colombia, y denuncia el uso excesivo de la fuerza contra los manifestantes, 4 May 2021, https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/05/1491612
Proceso de Comunidades Negras, MADRE, Outright Action International, Global Network of Women Peacebuilders and Oxfam Colombia, Letter to Members of the International Community – Re: Human Rights Violations and Humanitarian Situation in Colombia, 20 May 2021, https://www.madre.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/Letter_Colombia%205.20.21_Formatted.pdf
Ref. Informe afectaciones a pueblo negro afrodescendiente en Colombia el marcodel Paro Nacional, 9 June 2021, https://renacientes.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/InformeAFRO_ParoNacional2021-PUBLICO.pdf
Frontline Defenders, Indigenous Woman Human Rights Defender Daniela Soto and the Indigenous Guard Targeted During Protests, 2021, https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/indigenous-woman-human-rights-defender-daniela-soto-and-indigenous-guard-targetted-during
[14] Amnesty International, Columbia: Hidden from Justice – Impunity for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, A Follow-Up Report, 2012, https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/colombia_vaw_report_oct._4_embargoed.pdf
[15] Amnesty International, Colombia: Represión violenta, paramilitarismo urbano, detenciones ilegales y torturas contra manifestantes pacíficos en Cali, 30 July 2021, https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2021/07/colombia-represion-violenta-contra-manifestantes-pacificos-cali/
Pakin, ‘I just need my son’: the people who disappeared amid Colombia’s protests, The Guardian, 7 July 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/07/colombia-protests-missing-people
Instituti De Estudios Para El Desarrollo Y La Paz and Temblores NGO,Cifras De La Violencia En El MarcoDel Paro Nacional 2021 -Registros Del Observatorio De Conflictividades Y Ddhh De Indepaz Y Temblores ONG, June 2021, http://www.indepaz.org.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/3.-INFORME-VIOLENCIAS-EN-EL-MARCO-DEL-PARO-NACIONAL-2021.pdf
[16] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2021). Observations and recommendations, Working visit to Colombia, Visit: June 2021, http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ObservacionesVisita_CIDH_Colombia_ENG.pdf
[17] Final Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build A Stable and lasting Peace, 24 November 2016, http://especiales.presidencia.gov.co/Documents/20170620-dejacion-armas/acuerdos/acuerdo-final-ingles.pdf
Barometer Initiative, Peace Accords Matrix, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, UN Women, FDIM, and Sweden, Gender Equality for Sustainable Peace, Second Report on the Monitoring of the Gender Perspective in the Implementation of the Colombian Peace Accord, Report 2, University of Notre Dame, United States of America and Bogotá, Colombia, 2019, http://peaceaccords.nd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/012820-GENDER-REPORT-DIGITAL.pdf
Ruiz-Navarro, A feminist peace in Colombia? -The inclusion of a gender perspective in Colombia’s peace Agreement: past, present, and future, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, https://www.boell.de/en/2019/02/14/feminist-peace
[18] Barometer Initiative, Peace Accords Matrix, and Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, Towards implementation of women’s rights in the Colombian Final Peace Accord – Progress, opportunities and challenges, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 2020, https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Towards-Implementation-of-Womens-Rights-in-the-Colombian-Final-Peace-Accord-2.pdf
Barometer Initiative, Peace Accords Matrix and Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, Recognition and Guarantees for the Protection and Participation of Ethnic Peoples in Peacebuilding – Special Report on the Monitoring of the Ethnic Perspective in theImplementation of the Colombian Final Peace Accord, 2020, https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/210318-Updated-Final-Ethnic-Report.pdf
[19] Grupo de Género en la Paz, La Paz Avanza Con Las Mujeres -III Informe de observaciones sobre los avances en la implementación del enfoque de género del Acuerdo de Paz, May 2021, p. 17, https://generoypaz.co/informes/gpaz_informe_2021.pdf
J.C.G. Castro, Colombia: Reforma rural integral – ¡Solo se ha completado el 4%!, 18 December 2020, https://viacampesina.org/es/colombia-reforma-rural-integral-solo-se-ha-completado-el-4/
[20] Broederlijk Delen et. al., Gold Mining, Human Rights and Due Diligence in Colombia -Views from the civil society on the implementation of the EU Regulation on the responsible sourcing of conflict minerals and policy recommendations, Joint Policy Note, 19 November 2019, https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Gold%20Mining%2C%20Human%20Rights%20and%20Due%20Diligence%20in%20Colombia.pdf
Podur, Is Colombia’s Military Displacing Peasants to Protect the Environment or Sell Off Natural Resources?, 19 May 2021, https://www.pressenza.com/2021/05/is-colombias-military-displacing-peasants-to-protect-the-environment-or-sell-off-natural-resources/
Four years later, Colombia’s Peace Agreement advances at a snail’s pace, OpenDemocracy, 6 January 2021, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/colombia-peace-agreement-advances-snail-pace/
Grattan, Four years after FARC peace deal, Colombia grapples with violence, Al-Jazeera, 24 November 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/11/24/four-years-after-peace-deal-colombia-grapples-with-violence
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies and University of Notre Dame, The Colombian Final Agreement in the Era of COVID-19 -Institutional and Citizen Ownership isKey to Implementation, September 2021, https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Fifth-Report-State-of-Implementation-Four-Years-after-the-Accord-Signing.pdf
[21] Barometer Initiative, Peace Accords Matrix, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, UN Women, FDIM, and Sweden, Gender Equality for Sustainable Peace, Second Report on the Monitoring of the Gender Perspective in the Implementation of the Colombian Peace Accord, Report 2, University of Notre Dame, United States of America and Bogotá, Colombia, 2019, http://peaceaccords.nd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/012820-GENDER-REPORT-DIGITAL.pdf
[22] International Service for Human Rights, UN Security Council: Strengthen relationship with civil society and focus on human rights to prevent conflict, 28 August 2014, https://ishr.ch/latest-updates/un-security-council-strengthen-relationship-civil-society-and-focus-human-rights-prevent/
[23] UN News, Security Council Press Statement on Colombia, 16 July 2021, https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/sc14583.doc.htm
[24] United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, September 2017, https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf
[25] Republica de Colombia, Ministerio Del Interior, Decreto Ley Número 154 de 2017, 2017, http://es.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DECRETO%20154%20DEL%2003%20FEBRERO%20DE%202017.pdf
Republica de Colombia, Ministerio Del Interior, Decreto Ley Número de 2014, https://www.mininterior.gov.co/sites/default/files/noticias/decreto_comision_intersectorial_programa_de_garantias_para_mujeres_pdf_1.pdf
[26] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2021). Observations and recommendations, Working visit to Colombia, Visit: June 2021, p. 40,
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ObservacionesVisita_CIDH_Colombia_ENG.pdf